the syllabus says
Describe the informal sector; its characteristics and location in urban areas.
What is the informal sector?
"The informal sector refers to those workers who are self employed, or who work for those who are self employed. People who earn a living through self employment in most cases are not on payrolls, and thus are not taxed. Many informal workers do their businesses in unprotected and unsecured places." - Source
"Some of the characteristic features of informal employment are lack of protection in the event of non-payment of wages, compulsory overtime or extra shifts, lay-offs without notice or compensation, unsafe working conditions and the absence of social benefits such as pensions, sick pay and health insurance. Women, migrants and other vulnerable groups of workers who are excluded from other opportunities have little choice but to take informal low-quality jobs." - Source, International Labour Organization
"Some of the characteristic features of informal employment are lack of protection in the event of non-payment of wages, compulsory overtime or extra shifts, lay-offs without notice or compensation, unsafe working conditions and the absence of social benefits such as pensions, sick pay and health insurance. Women, migrants and other vulnerable groups of workers who are excluded from other opportunities have little choice but to take informal low-quality jobs." - Source, International Labour Organization
Where is the informal sector?
Source: http://keith-travelsinindonesia.blogspot.hk/2011/06/in-us-were-used-to-heading-to-mall-big.html
Griffin model of a Latin American city
http://www.lewishistoricalsociety.com/wiki/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=4
http://www.lewishistoricalsociety.com/wiki/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=4
Case study: The Zabellen of Cairo
Why are the Zabaleen important?
http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2014/mar/27/waste-egypt-refuse-collectors-zabaleen-cairo
Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabbaleen
http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2014/mar/27/waste-egypt-refuse-collectors-zabaleen-cairo
Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabbaleen
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Going further
Other useful sources are:
http://unhabitat.org/urban-themes/economy/
http://www.ilo.org/sector/activities/topics/urban-economy/lang--en/index.htm
http://unhabitat.org/urban-themes/economy/
http://www.ilo.org/sector/activities/topics/urban-economy/lang--en/index.htm