the syllabus says
Inward movement
Outward movement
- Explain the processes of centripetal movements (rural–urban migration, gentrification, re-urbanization/urban renewal).
Outward movement
- Explain the processes of centrifugal movements (suburbanization, counter-urbanization, urban sprawl).
introduction: similarities with migration
Reilly's model of migration describes push and pull factors along with intervening obstacles. It suggests that people move due to the desire to find a better place to live and work. The movements here can largely be seen in the same way. However, various levels of government (local, regional, national) government deliberately create the conditions in different parts of the city to encourage certain types of movement. This can be through housing policies (e.g. allowing better quality housing to be built on the outskirts), tax breaks for businesses (encouraging people back to the inner city) and so on.
The movements can be seen as inward or outward:
It's important to recognise that almost all cities experience both types of movement simultaneously. This is due to the huge variation in wealth, income, employment, health and education requirements, and so on - all of these affect where people choose to live.
The movements can be seen as inward or outward:
- Centrifugal movements are OUTWARD movements. They most commonly occur in countries where there is an increasing level of development in the early and middle stages, but can occur in all cities. The history of European and North American cities in the 19th and 20th centuries reflected this movement, creating the 'wealthy outer suburbs' of the Burgess model.
- Centripetal movements are INWARD movements. They most commonly are associated with either low income countries where rural to urban migration is bringing people into the city to avoid bad conditions in the hinterland, or high income countries where previously derelict areas are repopulated by young and wealthy residents. Centripetal movements can, of course, occur in all cities.
It's important to recognise that almost all cities experience both types of movement simultaneously. This is due to the huge variation in wealth, income, employment, health and education requirements, and so on - all of these affect where people choose to live.
centripetal (inward) movements
Rural-urban migration
For the reasons outlined in Core 1, migrants move to the city. They usually settle in 'enclaves'. This is examined in further detail in the ethnic segregation section.
For the reasons outlined in Core 1, migrants move to the city. They usually settle in 'enclaves'. This is examined in further detail in the ethnic segregation section.
Gentrification
Areas that were previously poor and probably derelict become popular among people with disposable income. These areas are usually in the old inner city.
Areas that were previously poor and probably derelict become popular among people with disposable income. These areas are usually in the old inner city.
Reurbanisation and urban renewal
Neglected areas within the existing urban area are improved and redeveleoped. In some cases this is gentrification (the improvement of the existing housing stock, retaining most of the features of the area) but gentrification is usually driven by the 'organic' improvements that come about because places are popular among young professionals, while reurbanisation can be strongly influenced by planners. This latter type of improvement is often accompanied by deliberate planning for changes to services, employment opportunities, and transport networks.
Suburban intensification: a type of urban renewal
This does not necessarily mean that high-rise buildings result. It can be simply that derelict buildings and empty space between buildings is redeveloped, so more houses fit in the same space. In addition, houses can be converted to apartments. This can be a gentrification movement, as young couples and singles move into an area and require less space.
Neglected areas within the existing urban area are improved and redeveleoped. In some cases this is gentrification (the improvement of the existing housing stock, retaining most of the features of the area) but gentrification is usually driven by the 'organic' improvements that come about because places are popular among young professionals, while reurbanisation can be strongly influenced by planners. This latter type of improvement is often accompanied by deliberate planning for changes to services, employment opportunities, and transport networks.
Suburban intensification: a type of urban renewal
This does not necessarily mean that high-rise buildings result. It can be simply that derelict buildings and empty space between buildings is redeveloped, so more houses fit in the same space. In addition, houses can be converted to apartments. This can be a gentrification movement, as young couples and singles move into an area and require less space.
centrifugal (outward) movements
Surburbanisation
This is a decentralising movement as people move to larger, more spacious residential areas on the urban edge. This is partly due to overcrowding in cities that experience an increasing population. There are other reasons too, shared with counterurbanisation.
This is a decentralising movement as people move to larger, more spacious residential areas on the urban edge. This is partly due to overcrowding in cities that experience an increasing population. There are other reasons too, shared with counterurbanisation.
Counterurbanisation
The movement of people away from larger towns and cities to smaller settlements. Frequently people continue to rely on the large city for employment, services and so on. This is driven by several factors that can be associated with migration.
PUSH
- overcrowding
- lack of space for family groups to expand
- crime rates (although these are frequently stable or dropping, the perception of crime is that it increases)
PULL
- better quality environment
- better schools and other services
- cheaper housing cost allows greater use of space
REDUCTION OF OBSTACLES
- teleworking allows people to live in decentralised areas
- better transport infrastructure removes
- government planning for development of new towns increases the housing stock away from the larger cities
The movement of people away from larger towns and cities to smaller settlements. Frequently people continue to rely on the large city for employment, services and so on. This is driven by several factors that can be associated with migration.
PUSH
- overcrowding
- lack of space for family groups to expand
- crime rates (although these are frequently stable or dropping, the perception of crime is that it increases)
PULL
- better quality environment
- better schools and other services
- cheaper housing cost allows greater use of space
REDUCTION OF OBSTACLES
- teleworking allows people to live in decentralised areas
- better transport infrastructure removes
- government planning for development of new towns increases the housing stock away from the larger cities